Differences between C3 and C4 plants


 

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MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 The process of Photosynthesis is a complicated oxidation-reduction process ultimately resulting in the oxidation of water and reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates. The mechanism of photosynthesis can be studied with the following two processes : I. Primary Photochemical Reaction or Light reaction or Hill’s reaction, and II. Dark reaction or Blackman’s reaction or Path of carbon in photosynthesis Importance of two processes photosynthesis In the primary photochemical reaction, assimilatory powers (NADPH2 + ATP) are generated and O2 is released. These assimilatory powers are utilized in the dark reaction during which process CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates I. PRIMARY PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION (OR) LIGHT REACTION (OR) HILL’S REACTION (Activities found in thylakoids or grana) In 1937, Robert Hill demonstrated that isolated chloroplasts evolved O2 when they were illuminated in the presence of suitable electron acceptors, such as ferricyanide. The ferricyanide is reduced to ferrocyanide by...
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Structure of Chloroplast

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  Each chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane system. The external surface of the outer membrane is smooth whereas the inner membrane is thrown into lamellated structure showing two distinct regions, called Stroma and Grana Lamellae. Stroma Stroma is the main site for the dark reaction of photosynthesis. It forms the matrix (ground substance) of the chloroplast. In the matrix, the lamellae are loosely arranged. The lamellae found in the stroma are called as Stroma Lamellae . Besides these structures, ribosomes and osmophilic granules are also found in the stroma. Besides photosynthesis, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolisms are also found to take place in the stroma region of the chloroplast. Grana Granum (= singular) is the most but complicated portion of the chloroplast. Light reaction of photosynthesis takes place only in the grana region of chloroplasts. About 40-60 grana are present in each chloroplast. In the granum region, the lamellae are compactly arranged j...
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Photosynthetic Apparatus

 The simplest type of photosynthetic apparatus is observed in prokaryotic cells such as bacteria and blue-green algae in which they are represented by isolated and freely lying photosynthetic lamellae. In other algae, there is no distinction between grana and stroma regions. In these organisms, the photosynthetic lamellae are found closely arranged running parallel to each other; and carotenoid pigments dominate in the photosynthetic apparatus. These are called Chromatophores. The pigments are evenly distributed in chromatophores and are primitive in nature. In higher plants, well-developed photosynthetic apparatus is found which is commonly called as Chloroplasts . A chloroplast is an advanced, well-organized, and complicated photosynthetic apparatus.
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